• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    A sealing device is provided. The sealing device includes an intumescible metal. The swelling metal, when exposed to a fluid, is transitionable from an initial configuration having an initial volume to an expanded configuration having an increased volume. The swellable metal, through the transition to the expanded configuration in an annular space of a fluid channel, forms a seal against a surface of the fluid channel, so that the communication of fluid through the swellable metal in the annular space is at least partially restricted.
    公开号:BR112020012812A2
    申请号:R112020012812-0
    申请日:2018-01-29
    公开日:2020-11-24
    发明作者:Michael Linley Fripp；Geir Gjelstad；Zachary William Walton
    申请人:Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [001] [001] The present disclosure generally refers to a sealing device. In particular, the present disclosure relates to an intumescible metal sealing device which transitions to an expanded configuration with a larger volume. FUNDAMENTALS
    [002] [002] The production and transport of hydrocarbons requires the use of several tubes above and below the ground. After drilling a well hole, the production pipe can be placed in the well hole and the hydrocarbons extracted from the surrounding formations. Once on the surface, these hydrocarbons are often transferred to processing plants via tubular pipes. During such processes, the flow of fluid within or around the tubulars may need to be controlled or prevented. In this way, seals in the form of plugs, for example, can be provided to isolate sections of the fluid channel along the various tubular and well holes. For example, in a well hole, the annular space between a formation and production piping may require a seal to isolate sections within the well hole. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
    [003] [003] The implementations of the present technology will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached figures, in which: FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary environment for an intumescible metal sealing apparatus in accordance with the present disclosure; FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the exemplary environment of FIG. 1, with the swelling metal in an expanded configuration; FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of one of a metal
    [004] [004] It will be understood that, for simplicity and clarity of illustration, where appropriate, reference numbers have been repeated between the different figures to indicate corresponding or similar elements. In addition, numerous specific details are presented in order to provide a thorough understanding of the examples described in this document. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the examples described in this document can be practiced without these specific details. In other cases, the methods, procedures and components have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the relevant relevant characteristic being described. In addition, the description will not be considered as limiting the scope of the modalities described in this document. The drawings are not necessarily to scale and the proportions of certain parts can be exaggerated to better illustrate details and characteristics of the present disclosure.
    [005] [005] Systems and methods for a sealing apparatus having an intumescible metal are disclosed here. The swelling metal, when exposed to a fluid such as brine, or any aqueous fluid, expands in size, thereby passing from a first configuration having an initial or first size (i.e., volume) to an expanded configuration. During this expansion, the volume of the swelling metal increases to greater than the initial size or the first in the first configuration.
    [006] [006] The swelling metal can be formed from any hydrolyzable metal material, which, during hydrolysis, expands in volume, thereby increasing in size. In this way, when it comes into contact with an aqueous fluid, the swelling metal hydrolyzes and expands in volume.
    [007] [007] The sealing apparatus may also include an encapsulant that can enclose at least a portion of the swelling metal. The encapsulant can allow the fluid to flow through the encapsulant into the swelling metal. In addition, the encapsulant can protect the swelling metal from acid, as the acid can prevent the swelling metal from forming a solid after hydrolysis. In addition, the encapsulant can improve the sealing of the sealing apparatus against the surfaces of the fluid channel.
    [008] [008] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of an exemplary system 10 with a portion of a fluid channel 20. The fluid channel 20 is illustrated as within an annular space 24 that is formed between a coating surface 22 of the coating 25 and a pipe surface production line 23 of production line 25. In this way, the fluid may be contained and flow within the surface of the liner 22 and the surface of the line 23 (hereinafter referred to as "surfaces 22, 23") of the fluid channel 20. Although shown formed from a space
    [009] [009] The surfaces 22, 23 of the fluid channel 20 can form a cross-sectional shape which can be substantially circular, ovoid, rectangular or any other suitable shape. The surfaces 22, 23 of the fluid channel 20 can be made, for example, of the same material as the liner 25 or the production pipe 25, which in this case is metal, however, alternatively, the surfaces of the fluid channel 20 they can be formation rock, or plastic, or other metal or metal alloy. The surfaces 22, 23 of the fluid channel 20 can be of the same material on all sides. In other examples, surfaces 22, 23 of fluid channel 20 may have different materials or compositions in different areas. The fluid channel portion 102 may have any orientation or extend only in one direction or in several directions, for example, vertical or at an angle, along any axis, and may be, but need not be, horizontal as schematically shown in FIG. 1. The fluid can be a fluid or more than a fluid. The fluid can include, for example, water or oil. The fluid can also fill substantially the entire fluid channel 20. In other examples, the fluid can partially fill the fluid channel 20. The fluid can be static or in motion.
    [0010] [0010] As shown in FIG. 1, a sealing apparatus 100 is provided in the annular space 24 of the fluid channel 20. Sealing apparatus 100 is illustrated in FIG. 1 to rest on a surface of the fluid channel 20 and, in this case, the surface of the production pipe 23. In at least one example, the sealing apparatus 100 can be suspended in the annular space 24 of the fluid channel 20. Still in other examples, the sealing device 100 can be coupled with a device to position the sealing device
    [0011] [0011] The sealing apparatus 100 includes an intumescible metal 110. Intumescible metal 110 is a metal that hydrolyzes and is operable to transition to an expanded 2000 configuration (see FIG. 2) having an increased volume when exposed to a fluid. The fluid can be any aqueous fluid and, in particular, aqueous fluids containing salt such as brine. For example, the fluid can be high salinity brine, for example a NaCl brine or a KCl brine in which the salt content is greater than 15%. In other examples, the fluid can be any suitable fluid with water that hydrolyzes the swelling metal 110. In at least one example, swelling metal 110 does not swell in oil or oil-based mud. The swelling metal 110 reacts with water in a fluid to form a metal hydroxide and / or a metal oxide. The volume of the swelling metal 110 increases during the reaction, since the hydration reaction products of the metal have a greater volume than the reactants. As a result, the metal hydroxide reagent of the swelling metal 110 takes up more space than the base metal. After the transition to the expanded configuration 2000, the volume of the swellable metal 110 can increase, for example, by more than 30% when not inhibited by the fluid channel 20. However, the surfaces 22 of the fluid channel 20 can prevent an expansion additional swelling of metal 110.
    [0012] [0012] The swelling metal 110 includes at least one of an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal and a post-transition metal. For example, swelling metal 110 may include at least one of magnesium, aluminum and calcium that can hydrolyze when reacted with water in
    [0013] [0013] The reaction of an intumescible metal 110 with a fluid is shown below, where M is a metal, O is oxygen, H is hydrogen and a, b and c are numbers that can be the same or different: M + aHxO -> M (OH) b + cH2
    [0014] [0014] For example, if the metal is magnesium, the hydration reaction will be: Mg + 2H2O -> Mg (OH) 2 + H2.
    [0015] [0015] Mg (OH) 2 consumes 85% more volume than the original magnesium.
    [0016] [0016] In another example, if the metal is aluminum, the hydration reaction will be: Al + 3H2O -> Al (OH) 3+ 3 / 2H2
    [0017] [0017] Al (OH) 2 consumes 160% more volume than the original aluminum.
    [0018] [0018] In yet another example, if the metal is calcium, the reaction of
    [0019] [0019] Ca (OH) 2 consumes 32% more volume than the original calcium.
    [0020] [0020] The term "swellable", when used to describe the metal, means that the volume of hydrolytically reacted by-products has a greater volume than the parent metal. For example, the swelling metal reacts with water to create micrometric-sized particles, and then the particles lock together to create a seal. In some instances, the volume of the space next to the swelling metal is less than the swelling volume of the swelling metal, so that the swelling metal, when transitioning to the expanded configuration, can support the surface of the fluid channel to provide a seal. For example, the free volume next to the swelling metal can be approximately half the volume of expansion. For example, in the case of magnesium as an intumescible metal, the free volume close to magnesium may be less than 85% of the volume of the original magnesium. The free volume can be expressed as the cross-sectional area of the metal and the cross-sectional area of the space that needs to be sealed.
    [0021] [0021] Hydroxide can be further dehydrated due to the swelling pressure. If the metal hydroxide resists the movement of the additional hydroxide formation, then high pressures can be created. The metal hydroxide inside the zone can dehydrate under high pressure. The result is that the metal hydroxide can be further dehydrated to a metal oxide. For example, the dehydration reaction of Mg (OH) 2 can form MgO + H2 O. Likewise, Ca (OH) 2 can become CaO + H2 O, and Al (OH) 3 can be dehydrated to become AlOOH or Al2O3.
    [0022] [0022] In other examples, the swelling metal 110 in the initial state 1000 may be a metal oxide. For example, calcium oxide (CaO) with water will produce calcium hydroxide in an energetic reaction. Due to the higher density of calcium oxide, the reaction will provide a
    [0023] [0023] In at least one example, the swelling metal 110 may be a solid piece of metal. The solid piece of swelling metal 110 can be a ring, a tube, a cylinder, a casing or any other shape. In other examples, swelling metal 110 may resemble a mafic material and be porous. In yet other examples, the swellable metal may be in the form of particulate 112, as illustrated in FIG.
    [0024] [0024] The sealing apparatus 100 may also include an encapsulant 120. Although FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate an encapsulant 120, in at least one example, the sealing apparatus 100 may not include an encapsulant 120.
    [0025] [0025] The encapsulant 120 encloses at least a portion of the swellable metal 110. In at least one example, the encapsulant 120 can enclose only one side of the swellable metal 110. In other examples, the
    [0026] [0026] The intumescent metal 110 with the encapsulant 120 can be used to make a seal, for example, a plug on the outside of an oil field tubular or a mechanical plug on the inside of an oil field tubular. In at least one example, the encapsulant 120 may break when the swelling metal 110 transitions to the expanded configuration 2000. As such, the swelling metal 110, after transition to the expanded configuration 2000, can interact directly with surfaces 22, 23 of the fluid channel 20. In at least one example, encapsulant 120 can be porous, so that fluids or gases can pass through encapsulant 120. For example, encapsulant 120 can include at least one of an intumescible rubber, neoprene, a polycarbonate, polyurethane and polytetrafluoroethylene material. The encapsulant 120 can be porous, with a plurality of holes in the encapsulant 120. In
    [0027] [0027] In at least one example, the encapsulant 120 may enclose the swelling metal 110 by being wrapped around the swelling metal 110, molded around the swelling metal 110, deposited on the swelling metal, such as chemical vapor deposition or any other method suitable for enclosing the swelling metal 110 at least partially by the encapsulant 120.
    [0028] [0028] In at least one example, at least a portion of the encapsulant 120 is elastic and extensible so that the swelling metal 110 can expand in the desired direction. For example, the encapsulant may be rigid in the axial direction, but elastic in the radial direction. With such a configuration, the expansion of the intumescent metal 110 can be guided in the radial direction, while the shear force is provided in the axial direction.
    [0029] [0029] The encapsulant 120 can enclose the swelling metal 110 in the form of particulate 112, as illustrated in FIG. 3. The encapsulated intumescent metal 110 can be conformable prior to the transition to the expanded 2000 configuration, similar to a bean bag. The shape of the encapsulated intumescent metal 110 can be locked in place by transition to the expanded configuration 2000. As such, the particulate 112 of intumescent metal 110 in the encapsulant 120 can be used in a manner similar to a compression set plug.
    [0030] [0030] The sealing apparatus 100, as illustrated in FIG. 1, is in an initial state 1000, so that swelling metal 110 has not expanded in volume. As such, there is a gap in the annular space 24 of the fluid channel 20 between at least one surface of the sealing apparatus 100 and at least one surface 22 of the fluid channel 20. The fluid can
    [0031] [0031] With reference to FIG. 4, a flow chart is presented according to an example embodiment. Method 400 is provided as an example, as there are several ways to carry out the method. The method 400 described below can be performed using the configurations illustrated in FIG. 4, for example, and various elements of these figures are referenced in the explanatory example method 400. Each block shown in FIG. 4 represents one or more processes, methods or subroutines, carried out in example method 400. In addition, the illustrated order of the blocks is only illustrative and the order of the blocks may change according to the present disclosure. Additional blocks can be added or fewer blocks can be used, without departing from this disclosure. Example method 400 can start at block 402.
    [0032] [0032] In block 402, a sealing device is provided in an annular space of a fluid channel. The sealing apparatus includes an intumescible metal that can transition to an expanded configuration with an increased volume when exposed to a fluid and hydrolyzed. The sealing apparatus may also include an encapsulant. In other examples, the sealing device does not include an encapsulant. The encapsulant encloses at least a portion of the swelling metal and is operable to allow the
    [0033] [0033] In block 404, the swelling metal is exposed to a fluid, and the swelling metal can transition from an initial configuration to an expanded configuration with an increased volume. The fluid, when reacted with the swelling metal, hydrolyzes the swelling metal. The fluid can be, for example, brine. The water in the brine can react with the swelling metal, so that the swelling metal hydrolyzes into a metal hydroxide and / or a metal oxide. When the swelling metal hydrolyzes to a metal hydroxide and / or a metal oxide, the volume of the reagents is greater than the starting material. As such, the volume of the swellable metal increases when in the expanded configuration.
    [0034] [0034] In block 406, a seal is formed by the swelling metal in the expanded configuration against a surface of the annular space. The seal can be formed by the swelling metal directly against the surface of the annular space. In other examples, the seal can be formed by the encapsulant resting on the surface of the annular space. The seal formed by the sealing device prevents fluid communication through the sealing device within the annular space of the fluid channel. As such, the sealing apparatus isolates fluids, sections of the fluid channel. If the seal is not adequately preventing fluid communication through the sealing device, it is applicable, the swelling metal may still be
    [0035] [0035] To facilitate a better understanding of the present disclosure, the following examples of certain modalities are given. In no way should the following examples be read to limit or define the scope of the disclosure.
    [0036] [0036] An exemplary demonstration of a sealing apparatus 100 with an intumescible metal 110 is illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B. Two 1-inch long swellable metal rods 110 were placed in an annular space 24 of a pipe or in a fluid channel 20. The swellable metal rods 110 had a diameter of 0.5 inch and the inner diameter of the pipe 20 was 0.625 inch. The pipe was a steel spout. In the exemplary demonstration, the sealing apparatus 100 did not include an encapsulant.
    [0037] [0037] The intumescible metal rods 110 were exposed to a 20% KCl solution at 200 ° F. The intumescible metal rods 110 then transitioned to an expanded configuration and closed the annular gap in the pipe 20, creating a seal. After expansion of the intumescible metal rods 110, the sealing device 100 retained 300psi without leaking for several minutes. More than 600psi of pressure was applied in order to break the seal, so that the intumescible metal rods 110 began to move in the pipeline 20. After the intumescible metal rods 110 began to move, approximately 200 psi was sufficient to keep that movement. Therefore, without any external support, the intumescible metal 110 supported 300psi.
    [0038] [0038] Numerous examples are provided in this document to improve understanding of this disclosure. A specific set of statements is provided as follows.
    [0039] [0039] Declaration 1: A sealing device is disclosed comprising: an intumescible metal, the intumescible metal, when exposed to a fluid, is transitionable from an initial configuration with an initial volume to an expanded configuration with an increased volume, where the swelling metal, after transition to the expanded configuration in an annular space of a fluid channel, forms a seal against a surface of the fluid channel, so that fluid communication through the swelling metal in the annular space is at least partially restricted .
    [0040] [0040] Declaration 2: A sealing device is disclosed in accordance with Declaration 1, in which the swelling metal includes at least one of an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal and a post-transition metal.
    [0041] [0041] Declaration 3: A sealing device is disclosed according to Declarations 1 or 2, in which, after the transition to the expanded configuration, the volume of the swellable metal increases by more than 30% when not inhibited by the fluid channel .
    [0042] [0042] Declaration 4: A sealing device is disclosed in accordance with Declaration 3, in which the swelling metal includes at least one of magnesium, aluminum and calcium.
    [0043] [0043] Declaration 5: A sealing device is disclosed in accordance with Declaration 4, in which the swelling metal includes a dopant that promotes corrosion and in which the dopant includes at least one of nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, carbon , tungsten, tin, gallium and bismuth.
    [0044] [0044] Declaration 6: A sealing device is disclosed in accordance with any of the previous Declarations 1-5, in which the intumescent metal is a solid metal part.
    [0045] [0045] Declaration 7: A sealing device is disclosed in accordance with any of the previous Declarations 1-6, in which the intumescible metal is in the form of particulate.
    [0046] [0046] Declaration 8: A sealing device is disclosed in accordance with Declaration 7, in which the swelling metal is transported in a binder, in which the binder comprises at least one of a degradable binder or an intumescible elastomer.
    [0047] [0047] Declaration 9: A sealing device is disclosed in accordance with any of the preceding Declarations 1-8, further comprising an encapsulant that encloses at least a portion of the swelling metal.
    [0048] [0048] Declaration 10: A sealing device is disclosed according to Declaration 9, in which the encapsulant is porous to allow the fluid to flow through the encapsulant, in which the encapsulant protects the swelling metal from acid.
    [0049] [0049] Declaration 11: A sealing device is disclosed in accordance with Declarations 9 or 10, in which the encapsulant is configured to break when the swelling metal transitions to the expanded configuration.
    [0050] [0050] Declaration 12: A sealing device is disclosed in accordance with any of the previous Declarations 9-11, in which the encapsulant is porous, in which the encapsulant includes at least one of an intumescible rubber, neoprene, a polycarbonate material or a polytetrafluoroethylene.
    [0051] [0051] Declaration 13: A sealing device is disclosed in accordance with any of the previous Declarations 9-12, in which the encapsulant encloses the swelling metal by at least one of them being wound around the swelling metal, molded around the metal swelling or deposited on the swelling metal.
    [0052] [0052] Declaration 14: A sealing device is disclosed in accordance with
    [0053] [0053] Declaration 15: A method is disclosed which comprises: providing a sealing apparatus as described in any of the preceding Declarations 1-14 in an annular space of a fluid channel, the sealing apparatus including an intumescible metal; exposing the swelling metal to a fluid so that the swelling metal transitions from an initial configuration with an initial volume to an expanded configuration with an increased volume; and forming a seal, by the swelling metal in the expanded configuration, against a surface of the fluid channel, so that the communication of the fluid through the swelling metal in the annular space is at least partially restricted.
    [0054] [0054] Declaration 16: A method is disclosed according to Declaration 15, in which the sealing device also includes an encapsulant that encloses at least a portion of the swelling metal.
    [0055] [0055] Declaration 17: A method is disclosed according to Declarations 15 or 16, in which at least a portion of the encapsulant is elastic, so that the swelling metal expands in the desired direction.
    [0056] [0056] Declaration 18: A system is disclosed comprising: a fluid channel with an annular space; and a sealing apparatus, as disclosed in any of the preceding Declarations 1-14, including: an intumescible metal, the intumescible metal, when exposed to a fluid, is transferable from an initial configuration having an initial volume to an expanded configuration with a increased volume, where the swelling metal, after transition to the expanded configuration in an annular space, forms a seal against a surface of the fluid channel, so that fluid communication through the swelling metal in the annular space is at least partially restricted.
    [0057] [0057] Declaration 19: A system is disclosed according to Declaration 18, in which the sealing device also includes an encapsulant that encloses at least a portion of the swelling metal.
    [0058] [0058] Declaration 20: A system is disclosed according to Declaration 18 or 19, in which the encapsulant is porous to allow the fluid to flow through the encapsulant, in which the encapsulant protects the swelling metal from acid.
    [0059] [0059] The disclosures shown and described above are examples only. Although numerous characteristics and advantages of the present technology have been established in the previous description, along with details of the structure and function of the present disclosure, the disclosure is only illustrative and changes can be made in detail, especially in terms of format, size and layout of the information. parties within the principles of this disclosure to the extent indicated by the broad general meaning of the terms used in the appended claims. It will therefore be appreciated that the examples described above can be modified within the scope of the appended claims.
    权利要求:
    Claims (20)
    [1]
    1. Sealing apparatus, characterized by the fact that it comprises: an intumescible metal, the intumescible metal, when exposed to a fluid, can be transitionable from an initial configuration with an initial volume to an expanded configuration having an increased volume, in which the swelling metal, upon transition to the expanded configuration in an annular space of a fluid channel, forms a seal against a surface of the fluid channel, so that the flow of fluid through the swelling metal in the annular space is at least partially restricted .
    [2]
    Sealing apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the swelling metal includes at least one of an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal and a post-transition metal.
    [3]
    3. Sealing apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that, through the transition to the expanded configuration, the volume of the swellable metal increases by more than 30% when not inhibited by the fluid channel.
    [4]
    4. Sealing apparatus according to claim 3, characterized by the fact that the swelling metal includes at least one of magnesium, aluminum and calcium.
    [5]
    5. Sealing apparatus according to claim 4, characterized by the fact that the swelling metal includes a dopant that promotes corrosion, and in which the dopant includes at least one of nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, carbon, tungsten, tin, gallium and bismuth.
    [6]
    6. Sealing apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the swelling metal is a solid piece of metal.
    [7]
    7. Sealing apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the swellable metal is in the form of particulates.
    [8]
    Sealing apparatus according to claim 7, characterized in that the swelling metal is transported in a binder, wherein the binder comprises at least one of a degradable binder or an swelling elastomer.
    [9]
    Sealing apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that it also comprises an encapsulant that encloses at least a portion of the swelling metal.
    [10]
    Sealing apparatus according to claim 9, characterized in that the encapsulant is porous to allow the fluid to flow through the encapsulant, in which the encapsulant protects the swelling metal from acid.
    [11]
    11. Sealing apparatus according to claim 9, characterized by the fact that the encapsulant is configured to break when the swelling metal transitions to the expanded configuration.
    [12]
    Sealing apparatus according to claim 9, characterized in that the encapsulant is porous, wherein the encapsulant includes at least one of an intumescible rubber, neoprene, a polycarbonate material or a polytetrafluoroethylene.
    [13]
    13. Sealing apparatus according to claim 9, characterized in that the encapsulant encloses the swelling metal by at least one being wrapped around the swelling metal, molded around the swelling metal or deposited on the swelling metal.
    [14]
    Sealing apparatus according to claim 9, characterized in that at least a portion of the encapsulant is elastic, so that the swelling metal expands in the desired direction.
    [15]
    15. Sealing method, characterized by the fact that it comprises: providing a sealing apparatus in an annular space of a fluid channel, the sealing apparatus including an intumescible metal; exposing the swelling metal to a fluid so that the swelling metal transitions from an initial configuration with an initial volume to an expanded configuration with an increased volume; and forming a seal, by the swelling metal in the expanded configuration, against a surface of the fluid channel, so that the communication of the fluid through the swelling metal in the annular space is at least partially restricted.
    [16]
    16. Method according to claim 15, characterized in that the sealing apparatus further includes an encapsulant which encloses at least a portion of the swelling metal.
    [17]
    17. Method according to claim 15, characterized in that at least a portion of the encapsulant is elastic, so that the swelling metal expands in the desired direction.
    [18]
    18. Sealing system, characterized by the fact that it comprises: a fluid channel with an annular space; and a sealing apparatus including: a swelling metal, the swelling metal, when exposed to a fluid, is transitionable from an initial configuration having an initial volume to an expanded configuration having an increased volume, where the swelling metal, upon transition to the expanded configuration in an annular space, forms a seal against a surface of the fluid channel, so that fluid communication through the swelling metal in the annular space is at least partially restricted.
    [19]
    19. System according to claim 18, characterized in that the sealing device also includes an encapsulant that encloses at least a portion of the swelling metal.
    [20]
    20. System according to claim 18, characterized in that the encapsulant is porous to allow the fluid to flow through the encapsulant, in which the encapsulant protects the swelling metal from acid.
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    DK202070390A1|2020-06-24|
    NO20200765A1|2020-06-26|
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    法律状态:
    2021-12-07| B350| Update of information on the portal [chapter 15.35 patent gazette]|
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    PCT/US2018/015755|WO2019147285A1|2018-01-29|2018-01-29|Sealing apparatus with swellable metal|
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